山西預應力管樁技術在民用建筑中的應用

目(mu)前(qian)我(wo)們民(min)用(yong)(yong)建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)樁(zhuang)基(ji)礎，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)先張(zhang)法(fa)(fa)工(gong)(gong)藝制作的(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高強(qiang)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)（即PHC樁(zhuang)）和預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)（即PC樁(zhuang)）兩種，此兩兩種預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)均(jun)(jun)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)非抗震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)和抗震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)烈度6至7度的(de)(de)地區。預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高強(qiang)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)徑有(you)(you)300 mm、400 mm、500 mm、600 mm、800 mm、1000 mm，預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)樁(zhuang)徑有(you)(you)300 mm、400 mm、500 mm、550 mm、600 mm，均(jun)(jun)是薄壁預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)。在(zai)預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中，對于(yu)每(mei)節管(guan)樁(zhuang)都要在(zai)管(guan)樁(zhuang)表面距端頭1.0米左右的(de)(de)地方標識生產廠家(jia)、產牌、生產日期、外徑、壁厚、長度型號等(deng)出廠標記。預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)接(jie)頭，過去個(ge)別(bie)廠家(jia)的(de)(de)產品均(jun)(jun)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)蘭盤螺栓(shuan)聯結，現在(zai)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中幾乎全部采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)端頭板電焊聯結法(fa)(fa)。預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)沉樁(zhuang)方法(fa)(fa)有(you)(you)多種，在(zai)我(wo)國國內民(min)用(yong)(yong)建筑(zhu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)主要方法(fa)(fa)包括錘擊法(fa)(fa)、靜(jing)(jing)壓(ya)法(fa)(fa)、震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)法(fa)(fa)、射水法(fa)(fa)、預(yu)(yu)(yu)鉆孔法(fa)(fa)及中掘法(fa)(fa)等(deng)，而采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)靜(jing)(jing)壓(ya)法(fa)(fa)居多。由(you)于(yu)柴油機錘打沉樁(zhuang)時震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)劇烈且噪音(yin)大(da)，為(wei)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)市區施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)需(xu)要，近幾年來我(wo)國各地開發(fa)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)大(da)噸位的(de)(de)靜(jing)(jing)力(li)(li)(li)壓(ya)樁(zhuang)機施(shi)(shi)壓(ya)預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝，從(cong)而大(da)大(da)推動(dong)了(le)(le)預(yu)(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)在(zai)我(wo)國城(cheng)市民(min)用(yong)(yong)建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)和發(fa)展。

1.1 一(yi)(yi)般(ban)情(qing)況(kuang)下，預應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)技術(shu)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)要求(qiu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)機(ji)械化程(cheng)度(du)較高，不(bu)(bu)會發生鉆孔灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)泥(ni)漿滿地(di)(di)流(liu)的(de)(de)臟污情(qing)況(kuang)，也不(bu)(bu)會出現(xian)人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)挖孔樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)(di)到處抽水和堆土(tu)運土(tu)的(de)(de)忙(mang)亂景象，可以24小(xiao)時(shi)連(lian)續施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。由于(yu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速度(du)快，一(yi)(yi)臺打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)每臺班至少可打(da)7 - 8 根樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，可完成20000 kN 以上(shang)承載力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。由于(yu)建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期縮短(duan)，創造(zao)了時(shi)間(jian)效(xiao)益，從而降(jiang)低工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中由于(yu)壓(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)引起的(de)(de)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)較小(xiao)，且樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中不(bu)(bu)會出現(xian)拉應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭一(yi)(yi)般(ban)都完好無損，復壓(ya)較為容易。由于(yu)鉆孔過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)(de)擠壓(ya)作用(yong)，管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承載力(li)(li)(li)(li)要比同樣直徑的(de)(de)沉管(guan)灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或鉆孔灌注(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)高。因為管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)節(jie)長(chang)(chang)(chang)短(duan)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)，通常4 - 16m一(yi)(yi)節(jie)，搭配靈活，接長(chang)(chang)(chang)方便(bian)(bian)，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場可隨時(shi)根據地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件的(de)(de)變(bian)化調整接樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)，節(jie)省用(yong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)量。運輸吊(diao)裝(zhuang)方便(bian)(bian)，接樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)快捷。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)節(jie)長(chang)(chang)(chang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)在(zai)13 m以內，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身(shen)又有(you)預壓(ya)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，起吊(diao)時(shi)用(yong)特制的(de)(de)吊(diao)鉤勾住(zhu)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)兩端就可方便(bian)(bian)地(di)(di)吊(diao)起來。

1.2 對(dui)于預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高強(qiang)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)質(zhi)量(liang)，著重(zhong)檢(jian)查混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土抗壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)強(qiang)度(du)是(shi)(shi)否達到設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)外觀如是(shi)(shi)否存在(zai)(zai)(zai)表(biao)面(mian)裂縫(feng)、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)端面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)平整度(du)、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身的(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲度(du)、壁厚(hou)、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)外徑(jing)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)指標(biao)也均應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)標(biao)準(zhun)和(he)(he)規范要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)認(ren)真檢(jian)查進場(chang)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)產品質(zhi)量(liang)保證(zheng)(zheng)書(shu)、合(he)(he)(he)格證(zheng)(zheng)、檢(jian)測報(bao)告等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)是(shi)(shi)否齊全和(he)(he)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高強(qiang)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)運輸和(he)(he)堆(dui)放(fang)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)考(kao)慮自(zi)重(zhong)和(he)(he)支點(dian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)變化可(ke)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)內產生影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)內力(li)(li)(li)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)堆(dui)放(fang)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)必(bi)(bi)須平整、堅實，并應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)有排水(shui)(shui)(shui)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)；底層管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)均應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)按設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)墊木(mu)，并擋以楔形(xing)木(mu)防止滾動(dong)。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)堆(dui)放(fang)層數應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，嚴禁層間(jian)(jian)墊木(mu)上下(xia)錯位(wei)設(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)。管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)按計(ji)劃分批進場(chang)，分類堆(dui)放(fang)，并應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)結合(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總平面(mian)圖(tu)和(he)(he)打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)順序，在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)走情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，盡量(liang)靠(kao)近打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)區域(yu)堆(dui)放(fang)，以避免二次盤樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。對(dui)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)械選(xuan)擇(ze)，一般(ban)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)根(gen)據設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承載能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)資料選(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)噸(dun)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)型。如果壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)噸(dun)位(wei)選(xuan)擇(ze)過小(xiao)(xiao)，可(ke)能(neng)出現樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)下(xia)去的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，無法滿足(zu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)；如果壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)噸(dun)位(wei)選(xuan)擇(ze)過大(da)(da)，則(ze)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)耐力(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)將大(da)(da)幅提高，特別在(zai)(zai)(zai)新填土、耕(geng)植土及(ji)積水(shui)(shui)(shui)浸泡(pao)過的(de)(de)(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時易發生陷(xian)機(ji)(ji)，可(ke)能(neng)造(zao)成樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)偏移大(da)(da)，斜樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，甚(shen)至(zhi)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身破損、上下(xia)節樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)接(jie)頭斷裂，或上部樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)被擠(ji)壞(huai)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)質(zhi)量(liang)事(shi)故。沉樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，通(tong)常采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)預(yu)(yu)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)打(da)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，即先(xian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)處(chu)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)，然(ran)后(hou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)孔(kong)(kong)中插入預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)高強(qiang)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)至(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)標(biao)高。預(yu)(yu)鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)深度(du)和(he)(he)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)與樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)、土質(zhi)、臨近建筑物距離(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)因素有關，以不(bu)致明(ming)顯影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)承載力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)陷(xian)機(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)原則(ze)；實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中通(tong)常鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)深度(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1／3樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)，鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)徑(jing)比樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑(jing)小(xiao)(xiao)100 mm 左(zuo)右；對(dui)于大(da)(da)噸(dun)位(wei)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)慎重(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)，送樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)孔(kong)(kong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)及(ji)時回填。為(wei)(wei)了保護(hu)附近的(de)(de)(de)建筑物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，群樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)宜采(cai)(cai)取(qu)由近而遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)(li)沉樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)打(da)順序。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)據情(qing)況(kuang)考(kao)慮適當控制(zhi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速度(du)，為(wei)(wei)超靜孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)消散提供合(he)(he)(he)適時間(jian)(jian)，這樣(yang)做有可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)延長(chang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，但有時還是(shi)(shi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。對(dui)于預(yu)(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)先(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)維護(hu)結構，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)沿被保護(hu)建筑物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)外圍(wei)打(da)設(she)(she)(she)(she)防護(hu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或者(zhe)先(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)較深基(ji)坑周圍(wei)支圍(wei)護(hu)結構（如鋼板樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)連(lian)續(xu)墻等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)），利用(yong)(yong)其約(yue)束沉樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)擠(ji)土影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，此時施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)與設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)緊密結合(he)(he)(he)，保證(zheng)(zheng)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)承載能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)科學的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性。同時必(bi)(bi)需(xu)采(cai)(cai)取(qu)有關措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)如可(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)井點(dian)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)置(zhi)(zhi)隔(ge)離(li)砂井、預(yu)(yu)鉆(zhan)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)孔(kong)(kong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方法減(jian)小(xiao)(xiao)孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)，但是(shi)(shi)必(bi)(bi)須注意降排水(shui)(shui)(shui)會(hui)引起土體(ti)固(gu)結、孔(kong)(kong)隙(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力(li)(li)(li)分布(bu)梯(ti)度(du)改變，可(ke)能(neng)帶(dai)來意外事(shi)故，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)結合(he)(he)(he)具體(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程情(qing)況(kuang)，慎重(zhong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)。

1.3 在預應力管(guan)(guan)樁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制是(shi)(shi)保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)途徑之一。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)作為(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)，必須要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)負完全地(di)責(ze)任。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)設(she)(she)立專(zhuan)門(men)主管(guan)(guan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術負責(ze)人，以協助管(guan)(guan)理(li)者(zhe)加強施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)，并建立健全質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職能機(ji)構(gou)(gou)體(ti)(ti)(ti)系(xi)，監督、控制與(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)各級施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織加強質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)。要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，結合施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制內容，制定項(xiang)(xiang)目質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計劃目標，將工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)目標層(ceng)層(ceng)分解(jie)和(he)(he)落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)，落(luo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)到個人，并監督完成(cheng)本職工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)和(he)(he)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)標準。材(cai)(cai)料、構(gou)(gou)配(pei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)備是(shi)(shi)性工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)組成(cheng)部(bu)分，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)影響。凡是(shi)(shi)進(jin)入現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料、構(gou)(gou)配(pei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)備，生(sheng)產廠家都(dou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提(ti)供(gong)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)關質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)合格(ge)(ge)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，即產品合格(ge)(ge)證、技術說明(ming)(ming)書、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)檢(jian)驗證明(ming)(ming)等。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢(jian)部(bu)門(men)和(he)(he)試驗部(bu)門(men)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料、構(gou)(gou)配(pei)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)設(she)(she)備進(jin)行(xing)(xing)逐項(xiang)(xiang)檢(jian)查。凡是(shi)(shi)不(bu)符合設(she)(she)計文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)(he)圖紙要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)等，不(bu)符合合同(tong)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)條款要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，一律不(bu)能使用，并清出現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中應按(an)照(zhao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)計劃實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)(cheng)控制，每(mei)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銜接要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)明(ming)(ming)確(que)交接確(que)認制度(du)(du)。特(te)殊部(bu)位(wei)或關鍵施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)認可(ke)簽字制度(du)(du)。在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)(xian)(xian)在中如有(you)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)符合規范規程(cheng)(cheng)作業或施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)合格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，可(ke)以勒令施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)整(zheng)改。對于建立有(you)關施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)記(ji)錄資(zi)料制度(du)(du)也是(shi)(shi)非常有(you)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，因為(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)資(zi)料是(shi)(shi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄，它可(ke)以詳細(xi)地(di)記(ji)錄工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全過程(cheng)(cheng)，不(bu)僅對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控制有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)作用，而且對竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、投產運行(xing)(xing)、完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維修(xiu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)有(you)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄資(zi)料。

2 結(jie)束語(yu)

山西預應力管樁技術在施工應用方面的影響因素還是比較多的，施工過程中對質量控制稍有不慎就會導致質量問題和隱患的出現。通過以上內容對預應力管樁技術在民用建筑中的應用分析，只有通過在預應力管樁的施工全過程中采用正確的施工工藝并嚴格控制施工質量，才能發揮預應力管樁應用的施工效果。